Essay On Implication Of JK-STAT - 1490 Words

Implications of JAK-STAT in disease So far, we have seen that this pathway is accountable for the transduction of extracellular stimulus into transcriptional factors that regulate several cellular functions. STATs are also known to exert additional functions such as affecting oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, regulating chromatin compliance and epigenetic markings in the nucleus and interacting with the microtubule components in the cytoplasm which are responsible for cellular motility (4). This pathway has been observed to play an integral role in the development of mammary gland, stem cells, lymphocytes, neuronal cells, eye cells, cardiomyocytes, adipocytes. Consequently, its dysregulation induces various diseases, including†¦show more content†¦STATs contribute significantly to cellular fate decisions of differentiating naà ¯ve T cells into regulatory and inflammatory T cells, lymphocyte development, and exercise control over the intensity and duration of inflammatory responses. STAT3 particularly is involved in the regulation of cell death, cell growth and in the transcription of inflammatory genes. This serves as the basis for its contribution to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases and neurodegenerative diseases (8). This pathway has been associated with several monogenic diseases like the ‘bubble boy’ syndrome (X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency). The extreme susceptibility to pathogens observed is caused by a lack of T and NK cells, which occurs due to loss of function variants of the common ÃŽ ³ chain signal transduction. A subset of SCID patients demonstrated mutations in Jak3 kinase specifying the non-redundant in vivo functions for any JAK/STAT component (9). After the initial discovery of JAK3-SCID, many Mendelian disorders were reported. Discoveries made in the past three decades help us to correlate loss of function STAT mutations with specific types of pathogens. STAT1 mutations make patients vulnerable to viral and mycobacterial infections, whereas patients having STAT2 mutations are prone to viral infections and fungal infections are most common in patients with STAT3 mutations (2). The last 20 years have brought to the fore remarkable connections between JAK-STAT

Juvenile Violent Crime And Juvenile Crime Rates - 1720 Words

According to (Walton, 2014), as far back as the late 1800’s, children have been sentenced to the same punishments as adults, depending on the crime they committed. Punishments even included death if the juvenile was deemed to be past the point of help. Later on courts were geared more towards rehabilitation than punishment. Reform movements came along and parents could send their children off to reformatories to live and work as part of their rehabilitation. Due to poor living and working conditions many of these places were closed down. Soon after the Progressive Era, the first juvenile court system was opened in Illinois. The main focus of these courts was rehabilitation for the juveniles (Fiorillo, 2013). Juvenile violent crime rates had increased so much that law makers knew they had to do something to combat all of the violence. Juveniles were committing murder, assault, rape and other serious crimes which sent the public into a fear overload. These increases in juvenile violent crimes lead to some of our early â€Å"get tough† on juvenile laws. Policy makers were inclined to push for harsher laws for juveniles who committed violent crimes. The increase in juvenile crimes led lawmakers away from implementing laws the focused on rehabilitation and back to laws that focused on punishment. States began to develop statutes allowed juveniles to be tried in the same court system and receive the same sentences as adults. These statutes brought important reforms to the juvenileShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency And Modern Society1226 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile Delinquency in Modern Society Juvenile offending is a concern in society today. Juveniles account for approximately 19% of the population but are responsible for 29% of criminal arrests (Cottle, Lee, Heilbrun, 2001). Crime overall has been found to be decreasing throughout the last two decades. The issue is that the rate in which adult crime is decreasing is significantly greater than the rate in which juvenile crime is decreasing. Since the rate of juvenile crime is so high, juvenileRead MoreJuvenile Crime Statistics Paper765 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Crime Statistics Paper University of Phoenix CJA374 May 10, 2011 Juvenile Crime Statistics Paper This paper will address and summarize four different points from the juvenile arrests bulletin from 2001. Such points included in the summary are the overall decrease in juvenile arrests, the increase in drug offenses and simple assaults, implications for juvenile females and minorities, and last an assessment of the tracking of juvenile arrests as a method of measuring the amountRead More Juvenile Crime Essay example975 Words   |  4 Pages Juvenile Crime Introduction nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Every year, millions of juveniles are involved in criminal activities. According to statistics, as of 1999, the arrest rate for juvenile crime has dropped from its peak in the mid-1990’s. Statistics about juvenile crime have shown a steady increase of juvenile arrests from 1987 to 1994. Although overall crime rates have decreased since 1994, they are still above what they were in 1980. The following paragraphs and charts show the crime ratesRead MoreUnique Juvenile Situations Faced by Correctional Officers1315 Words   |  6 PagesRUNNING HEAD: UNIQUE SITUATIONS WHEN DEALING WITH JUVENILES Unique Situations When Dealing With Juveniles Corrections Professor Sunshine Richards Juvenile crime rates have been a main concern for law enforcement officials throughout the past several decades. â€Å"Over the past several decades, the number of juvenile arrests have been relatively stable except for increases in juvenile violent crime, as murder arrests for juvenile offenders increased by 93 percent during the 1980s and arrestsRead MoreThe Crime Of Juvenile Offenders1256 Words   |  6 Pagescontinues to rise (and extremely much higher rates in the 2000’s) that portions of juvenile offenders commit most of the chronic, and violent, crimes of juvenile offenders. In a study conducted by Philadelphia birth cohort (Figlio, Wolfgang, Sellin, 1972) found that these â€Å"chronic offenders† (including having five or more police contact activities) in whole, constituted six percent of the cohort, and a rising figure of 18 percent of all delinquents. The juvenile offenders were again responsible for theRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And Child Welfare Agenci es Across The United States1271 Words   |  6 Pagesworld, juvenile offenders are of particular concern. In 2014 alone it is estimated that over one million juveniles were arrested in America (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention). According to the National Institute of Justice, juveniles who begin a life of delinquency early are more likely to continue that trend into adulthood, and that once they enter the adult criminal justice system; they are more likely to become worse in their criminal conduct. While most juveniles are likelyRead MoreJuvenile Crime Statistics878 Words   |  4 PagesJUVENILE CRIME STATISTICS PAPER Juvenile Crime Statistics Paper CJA/374 September 19, 2012 The information in this article gives statistics of juvenile crime in America ranging from the late 1980’s to 2008. Its purpose is to take the information provided in these studies over the past 20 years or so to guide efforts and address the disparities among the youth to combat and prevent juvenile delinquency to better the lives of our children and for the future of our nationRead MoreEssay on Juveniles Tried as Adults843 Words   |  4 PagesFinal : Question #1 A juvenile being tried as an adult is a very sensitive and controversial issue over the past years. There has been a significant increase in the number of juvenile offenders being tried in adult courts for serious crimes. Juveniles should be tried as adults depending on the seriousness of the crime that they commit. There are many factors that contribute to juvenile courts and to what extent a juvenile should be tried as an adult. The juvenile justice system was intendedRead MoreCrime Statistics And Juvenile Crime951 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Crime Statistics The paper will focus and highlight some details of the statistics of juvenile crime statistics and juvenile crime itself. Is an aim to evaluate the reduction in national juvenile arrest, narcotics offenses, minor assaults, and the allegations regarding minor females, with the incousion of ethnic and racial classes. Additionally, data will be shown on the increase in arrest for minor females, the contrast in decrease for their male delinquent counterparts and voilent crimesRead MoreJuvenile Courts Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesSerious crimes such as murder, burglary and rape have raised questions as to whether the young offenders should face severe punitive treatment or the normal punitive measures in juvenile courts. Many would prefer the juveniles given harsh punishment in order to discourage other young people from engaging in similar activities and to serve as a lesson to these particular offenders. However, results from previous studies indicate such punitive measures were neith er successful nor morally acceptable

Pest analysis of toyota free essay sample

INTRODUCTION: Toyota Motor Corporation is a famous Japanese multinational corporation, and is considered the world’s second largest automaker of automobiles, trucks, buses, robots, and providing financial services. Its founder is Kiichiro Toyoda, born in 1894, and the son of Sakichi Toyoda, who became popular as the inventor of the automatic loom. Kiichiro inherited the spirit of research and creation from his father, and devoted his entire life to the manufacture of cars. After many years of hard work, Kiichiro finally succeeded in his completion of the A1 prototype vehicle in 1935, which marked the beginning of the history of the Toyota Motor Corporation. The first Type A Engine produced in 1934 was used in the first Model A1 passenger car in May 1935 and the G1 truck in August 1935, and led to the production of the Model AA passenger car in 1936. Toyota was established as an independent company in 1937. Kiichiro Toyoda A1 Prototype†¦ 1935 G1 Truck†¦ August 1935 Origin of the Name: Earlier it was Toyoda just because of his Father’s name. We will write a custom essay sample on Pest analysis of toyota or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In September 1936, the company ran a public competition to design a new name. The newly formed word registered as Toyota. Origin of the Logo: There are three ovals in Toyota logo. Two perpendicular ovals represent a relationship of mutual trust between customer and the company. The bigger oval implies global expansion of Toyota’s technology and unlimited potential for future. Vision: â€Å"Toyota aims to achieve long term, stable growth in harmony with the environment, the global economy, the local communities it serves, and its stakeholder. † Mission: â€Å"Toyota seeks to create more prosperous society through automotive manufacturing. † Situational Analysis: SWOT Analysis The Toyota Motors SWOT analysis is as follows: STRENGTH: New investment by Toyota in factories in the US and China saw 2005 profits rise, against the worldwide motor industry trend. Net profits rose 0. 8% to 1. 17 trillion yen ($11bn; ? 5. 85bn), while sales were 7. 3% higher at 18. 55 trillion yen. Commentators argue that this is because the company has the right mix of products for the markets that it serves. This is an example of much focused segmentation, targeting and positioning in a number of countries. In 2003 Toyota knocked its rivals Ford into third spot, to become the Worlds second largest carmaker with 6. 78 million units. The company is still behind rivals General Motors with 8. 59 million units in the same period. Its strong industry position is based upon a number of factors including a diversified product range, highly targeted marketing and a commitment to lean manufacturing and quality. The company makes a large range of vehicles for both private customers and commercial organizations, from the small Yaris to large trucks. The company uses marketing techniques to identify and satisfy customer needs. Its brand is a household name. The company also maximizes profit through efficient manufacturing approaches (e. g. Total Quality Management). WEAKNESSES Being big has its own problems. The World market for cars is in a condition of oversupply and so car manufacturers need to make sure that it is their models that consumers want. Toyota markets most of its products in the US and in Japan. Therefore it is exposed to fluctuating economic and political conditions those markets. Perhaps that is why the company is beginning to shift its attentions to the emerging Chinese market. Movements in exchange rates could see the already narrow margins in the car market being reduced. The company needs to keep producing cars in order to retain its operational efficiency. Car plants represent a huge investment in expensive fixed costs, as well as the high costs of training and retaining labor. So if the car market experiences a down turn, the company could see over capacity. If on the other hand the car market experiences an upturn, then the company may miss out on potential sales due to under capacity i. e. it takes time to accommodate. This is a typical problem with high volume car manufacturing. OPPORTUNITIES Lexus and Toyota now have a reputation for manufacturing environmentally friendly vehicles. Lexus has RX 400h hybrid, and Toyota has it Prius. Both are based upon advance technologies developed by the organization. Rocketing oil prices have seen sales of the new hybrid vehicles increase. Toyota has also sold on its technology to other motor manufacturers, for example Ford has bought into the technology for its new Explorer SUV Hybrid. Such moves can only firm up Toyotas interest and investment in hybrid RD. Toyota is to target the urban youth market. The company has launched its new Aygo, which is targeted at the streetwise youth market and captures (or attempts to) the nature of dance and DJ culture in a very competitive segment. The vehicle itself is a unique convertible, with models extending at their rear! The narrow segment is notorious for its narrow margins and difficulties for branding. THREATS Product recalls are always a problem for vehicle manufacturers. In 2005 the company had to recall 88,000 sports utility vehicles and pickup trucks due to faulty front suspension systems. Toyota did not give details of how much the recall would cost. The majority of affected vehicles were sold in the US, while the rest were sold in Japan, Europe and Australia. As with any car manufacturer, Toyota faces tremendous competitive rivalry in the car market. Competition is increasing almost daily, with new entrants coming into the market from China, South Korea and new plants in Eastern Europe. The company is also exposed to any movement in the price of raw materials such as rubber, steel and fuel. The key economies in the Pacific, the US and Europe also experience slowdowns. These economic factors are potential threats for Toyota.